Regardless of the reasons or excuses being given to justify the action, the fact remains that a foreign country arrested a head of state in their home. A crime does not need to be adjudicated to become a crime. Adjudication only punishes the criminal. Many crimes go unpunished.
I asked Chat-GPT: Is it legal for a foreign country to arrest a head of state in their home?
Short answer: usually no, but there are important exceptions.
Here's the clear breakdown under international law:
General rule: No, it's not legal
A sitting head of state (like a president, king, or prime minister) has personal immunity under international law, called immunity ratione personae.
That immunity means:
They cannot be arrested or prosecuted by another country's courts
This applies even for very serious crimes
It covers actions both official and private
It applies while they are in office
So a foreign country cannot legally send agents into another country and arrest that country's head of state. Doing so would violate:
State sovereignty
Diplomatic immunity rules
International law
It would likely be considered an illegal act and possibly an act of aggression.
Major exceptions (when it can happen)
1. International criminal courts
Courts like the International Criminal Court (ICC) can issue arrest warrants
This applies if:
The country is a party to the ICC or
The UN Security Council authorizes it
Even then, the arrest must be carried out by states, not by foreign agents acting illegally
2. Consent of the home country
If the country agrees to the arrest (for example, after a coup or political change), it can be legal
No consent = illegal
3. After they leave office
Once a leader is no longer head of state, they lose personal immunity
They may still have functional immunity for official acts, but:
This does not protect against international crimes like genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity
4. Extradition (very rare for heads of state)
A country could theoretically extradite its own leader, but this is extremely uncommon and politically explosive
What is never legal
Secretly abducting a sitting head of state
Sending foreign police or military into another country without permission
Arresting a head of state unilaterally in their own country
That would be a serious breach of international law.
One-sentence summary
A foreign country generally cannot legally arrest a sitting head of state in their own country, except through international courts, with consent, or after they leave office.