Hi AllieThank you Allie for taking the time to share your thoughts. I also appreciate your efforts to engage with people who fundamentally disagree with you, including politicians and those who are strongly critical of transgender issues. That takes patience and fortitude. I don't think I have the same willingness to enter those discussions, so I respect the effort.
There are, however, a few key points that would benefit from clarification, particularly where clearer definitions may help avoid misunderstanding.
The question "What is a woman?" is actually an open ended question with at least two distinct meanings. One is asking about biological sex. The other is asking about gender or social role. Much of the disagreement arises because people answer one meaning while assuming the other, which often results in people talking past each other rather than addressing the same question.
If the question is about biological sex, then humans have two biological sexes, male and female. Rare chromosomal variations and disorders of sex development are well recognised, but they do not constitute additional biological sexes. For example, individuals with XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) are generally classified medically as male, while individuals with X (Turner syndrome) are generally classified medically as female. These conditions illustrate that chromosomal variation exists without establishing additional biological sexes.[1]
If the question is instead about gender or social role, then it is no longer a question of biological classification but one of identity, lived experience, legal recognition or societal roles. People may hold differing philosophical, social or legal views on that question, but it should be recognised as a separate discussion from biological sex. Conflating the two only creates confusion because the same word, "woman," is being used in different contexts.
I also think it is important to distinguish between biological sex and gender. They are distinct concepts, but that does not mean biological sex can be changed. Current medicine can alter many primary and secondary sexual characteristics through hormones and surgery, but it cannot change a person's DNA or chromosomal sex. These interventions do not alter the genetic makeup present in the cells throughout the body.[2]
The evidence regarding brain structure is still developing. While some studies report group differences, the findings are not yet conclusive because of limitations such as relatively small sample sizes, methodological differences and overlapping results between groups. There is currently no brain scan that can reliably determine whether someone is transgender.[3]
My view is that discussions like these become much more productive when we first establish which meaning of "What is a woman?" is being discussed, then apply the relevant scientific evidence to that specific question.
References[1] Cools, M., Nordenström, A., Robeva, R., Hall, J., Westerveld, P., Flück, C., Köhler, B., Berra, M., Springer, A., Schweizer, K., & Pasterski, V. (2018). Caring for individuals with a difference of sex development (DSD): A Consensus Statement. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(7), 415-429.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0010-8 🔗[2] Robin, N. H., & Farmer, M. B. (2023). Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier.
https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/thompson-thompson-genetics-in-medicine-9780323881263.html 🔗[3] Bonnekoh, L. M., et al. (2025). Neuroimaging insights into transgender and gender diverse youth: A systematic review. Neuroscience Applied.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2025.104107 🔗
Further discussion where I discuss brain differences can be found here in this thread
"The Female Mind"Best Wishes AlwaysSarah BGlobal Moderator@Allie Jayne @Petunia @Northern Star Girl @Lori Dee