The effects of HRT vary from person to person as does the time it takes to notice the first changes. I'm assuming you are on a standard dosage prescribed by your endocrinologist of androgen blockers and estrogen. Generally I would say that you will notice very minor changes around the two to three week mark (most commonly tenderness around and under the nipples). The thing about HRT, generally speaking, is the changes are slow and subtle. Many people are "surprised" one day to notice how much they have changed. I think there is a thread somewhere here on the forums where members have discussed thier individual experiences on this subject.
Puberty is when it all begins which is normally around age 13, although statistics show that children are reaching puberty sooner than ever before. At age 18 you have pretty much gotten what you are going to get as far as a "masculinizing" of your features. Of course starting androgen blockers at your age is a great to potentially stop hair loss. As for your adams apple the only way to get rid of it is a "tracheal shave" (a surgical procedure where they remove the tissue). Normally the size of the adams apple is genetic...it's size doesn't change on it's own but the appearance of it may greaten with loss of body fat and diminish somewhat with an increase in body fat.
I don't know if you are under the care of a doctor for your hormones so I'll tack on my standard warning. NEVER attempt to self medicate with hormones. The effects of these hormones are potentially deadly. It is extremely important that you recieve the proper blood tests before beginning HRT and remain under the supervision of a physician. Beginning HRT is pointless if you aren't going to live long enough to see the results.