I am pasting this from a group I'm in. The original person who gathered all this is Dr. Scott Kerlin.
References for Researching the Impact of Prental Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in Influencing the Development of Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Intersexuality, and Transsexualism/->-bleeped-<-
Scott Kerlin, Ph.D.
1) Bao, A. and Swaab, D. (2011) Sexual differentiation of the human brain: Relation to gender identity, sexual orientation, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32(2): 214-226.
(Defines the fundamental biological processes by which hormonal factors in fetal development shape the subsequent development of gender identity and sexual orientation in humans. This is foundational to understanding the influence of prenatal estrogens such as DES in interfering with typical patterns of early male brain development in the fetus.)
2) Besser, M., Carr, S., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Connolly, P., and Sutter, P. (2006). Atypical gender development: A review. International Journal of ->-bleeped-<-, 9 (1): 29-44.
(From an international research group chaired by Dr. Milton Diamond and organized by the Gender Identity Research and Education Society—GIRES—this exhaustive review of leading research into causes of "atypical" gender identity development included documentation of prenatal DES exposure.)
3) Cohen-Kettenis, P., and L. J. Gooren. (1999). Transsexualism: A review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46 (4): 315.
(Both authors are close colleagues of Dr. Milton Diamond and both have extensive research into the hormonal basis of transsexualism. DES is included in their overall research for this article.)
4) Diamond, M. (2009). Clinical implications of the organizational and activational effects of hormones. Hormones and Behavior 55: 621.
(Diamond's seminal paper laying out his lifetime research into the biological and hormonal basis of gender patterns, sexual orientation, and gender identity in human psychosexual development.)
5) Dictionary of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition. Diethylstilbestrol entry. London: Chapman & Hall, p. 2175.
(Standard biochemical reference text, lists the full range of documented effects of prenatal DES exposure to include "causing transsexual changes, especially among males exposed in utero.")
6) Dingfelder, S. (2004). Gender bender: New research suggests genes and prenatal hormones could have more sway in gender identity than previously thought. Monitor on Psychology of the American Psychological Association 35(4), 48.
(Provides an overview of research into the genetic and hormonal influences on gender identity development.)
7) Ferguson, S. (2002). Effects on brain and behavior caused by developmental exposure to endocrine disrupters with estrogenic effects. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 24 (1): 1.
(Describes the pathways by which DES and similar "estrogenic" substances can interfere with "normal" processes of brain development for sexual differentiation during prenatal exposure.)
Gill, W. B. (1988). Effects on human males of in-utero exposure to exogenous sex hormones. In T. Mori and H. Nagasawa (eds.), Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life (Boca Raton: CRC Press), 161.
(This reference article from the medical field of pharmacology/toxicology documents the full scope of effects of prenatal DES exposure in males and includes reference to "psychosexual effects", a catch-all term which includes gender and sexual orientation.)
9) Giusti, R. M., K. Iwamoto, and E. E. Hatch. (1995). Diethylstilbestrol revisited: A review of the long-term health effects. Annals of Internal Medicine (May 15) 122 (10): 778.
(This comprehensive medical literature review of research about DES exposure in males and females documents "psychosexual effects" as one of the many adverse effects of prenatal DES exposure.)
10) Hines, M. (1999). Gonadal hormones and sexual differentiation of human behavior: Effects on psychosexual and cognitive development. In A. Matsumoto (ed.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain. N.Y.: CRC Press, p. 257.
(Hines is a DES Daughter who has substantial research experience investigating impact of prenatal DES exposure in females and subsequent impact on gender and sexual orientation. She has several books which further investigate these themes of "brain gender".)
11) Hood, E. (2005). Are EDCs blurring issues of gender? Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (10): A670-A677.
(Article provides a research review of the range of studies in the field of environmental toxicology which investigate and establish evidence that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (including DES) is associated with disorders of gender development. Includes reference to DES sons research.)
12) Johnson, C. (2004). Transsexualism: An unacknowledged endpoint of developmental endocrine disruption? Unpublished Master's thesis, Evergreen State University, Washington.
(Johnson is interviewed in Deborah Rudacille's book The Riddle of Gender. She was born a DES son but transitioned to female (m to f) in her 20s. I served on her Master's degree thesis committee at Evergreen State University in Washington and this thesis contained extensive evidence of prenatal exposure to DES, DDT, PCBs, and other endocrine disrupting substances on gender identity and gender development. )
13) Kaplan, N. M. (1959). Male pseudohermaphrodism: Report of a case, with observations on pathogenesis. New England Journal of Medicine 261: 641.
(This was the first case study published in the major medical literature of a DES son who developed as an Intersex individual. Intersex has been substantially documented in DES sons medical studies going back to the 1960s but relatively few studies have been formally published.)
14) Kerlin, S. (2005) The presence of gender dysphoria, transsexualism, and disorders of sexual differentiation in males prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES): Initial evidence from a 5-year study. Paper presented to the International Behavioral Development Symposium, Minot, N.D. USA, 2005. Available online:
http://www.antijen.org/transadvocate/id33.html (This paper summarizes key findings from a 5-year study of DES-exposed males, "DES Sons" conducted by Scott Kerlin, founder in 1999 of the DES Sons International Research Network.)
15) Kester, P., R. Green, S. Finch, and K. Williams, (1980). Prenatal 'female hormone'
administration and psychosexual development in human males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 5: 269.
(One of the first primary studies of DES sons which focused on their behavioral development , this study explored the hypothesis that prenatal DES exposure in males has feminizing effects.)
16) Kwan, M., J. Vanmaasdam, and J.M. Davidson. (1985). Effects of estrogen treatment on male-to-female transsexuals: Experimental and clinical observations. Archives of Sexual Behavior 14 (1):29.
(This study documented and evaluated the relative effectiveness of using DES as an estrogenic treatment for male-to-female transsexuals. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were several similar studies of DES being used for treating adult transsexuals (male to female) because it was relatively effective. )
17) Langston, Nancy. (2010). Toxic Bodies: Hormone Disruptors and the Legacy of DES. New Haven: Yale University Press.
(This book provides a historic overview of the development and uses of DES, and its broad range of detrimental effects in humans. Essential reading for gaining a broad understanding of environmental toxicology.)
18) Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., and A. A. Erhardt. (1986). Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure: Behavioral consequences in humans. Monograms in Neural Science 12: 90.
(A long-time DES neurobehavioral researcher who documented gender-related effects and sexual orientation variations in DES sons and DES daughters, mostly in the 1970s and 1980s.)
19) Michel, A., C. Mormont, and J. J. Legros. (2001). A psycho-endocrinological overview of transsexualism. European Journal of Endocrinology 145: 365.
(Medical endocrinology study which documents prenatal exposure to DES as associated with transsexualism in males.)
20) Reinisch, J. M., Ziemba-Davis, M., and S. A. Sanders (1991). Hormonal contributions to sexually dimorphic behavioral development in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16, 213-278.
(Reinisch was director of the Kinsey Institute in Indiana when she published this "meta-analysis" of several studies of males and females exposed to DES in utero. The Kinsey Institute documented that males had been substantially feminized by DES exposure.)
21) Reinisch, J.M., and Stephanie Sanders. (1992, March). Effects of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on hemispheric laterality and spatial ability in human males. Hormones and Behavior 26 (1): 62-75.
(Investigates the brain developmental effects of prenatal DES exposure in human males, including focus on effects on sexual differentiation of the human brain.
22) Rudacille, Deborah. (2005). The Riddle of Gender: Science, Activism, and Transgender Rights. New York: Simon and Schuster.
(Rudacille's book is essential reading for researchers interested in the investigation of the effects of prenatal DES exposure and its association with gender-related developmental effects. Includes a profile of DES sons and interview of Scott Kerlin for the chapter "The Fear of a Pink Planet."
23) Swaab, D. F. (2004). Sexual differentiation of the human brain: Relevance for gender identity, transsexualism and sexual orientation. Gynecological Endocrinology 19: 301.
(Swaab has extensive research at the Netherlands Institute for Brain Development including reference to prenatal DES exposure in males and its association with transsexualism in adults. He is a close colleague of Dr. Milton Diamond.)
24) Yalom, I. D., R. Green, and N. Fisk. (1973). Prenatal exposure to female hormones: Effect on psychosexual development in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry (April) 28: 554.
(This was the first major study of the behavioral effects of prenatal DES exposure in males, documenting the feminizing effects that were discovered in a group of 6 year old and another group of 16 year-old males. Years later, through correspondence with Dr. Yalom, we learned that he is still interested in this subject.)
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