Dash, to be completely honest, I don't think there is anything that could keep you from passability on your lower face. I can see the fat spots that you are talking about in your pictures and I agree that it would be nice to get them reduced, but I don't think they are a gender marker at all. If I saw someone with a face like yours down the street, I would never think she is anything but a pretty woman, unless she has a very masculine body from the neck down or moves and speak in a very manly way.
If I had to spot a part of your face that may look less feminine than the rest of the features... though it doesn't look very masculine I must say... I believe it could be the forehead with the consequent impact it has on your eyes. They have a somehow harsh looking, like there was some anger in them and I think it could be because they are still deep set and the forehead bone still protrudes above. If I saw you walking down the street in winter with your mouth and nose covered with a scarf and I could only see your eyes and forehead, in that case I wouldn't be so sure about your gender as if I could see your whole face.
Dr. Bart is very good at forehead surgery and for what I've seen so far I believe he has a very good management of the various techniques available so I guess he must have done all that was possible in your surgery and this is what your forehead was meant to look like, I mean beautifully round and smooth but prominent and a bit heavy looking at the same time. And the hairline is another factor that I would think about. If it were my forehead, I would consider lowering the hairline 2 or 3 centimeters. Have you thought about getting some hair transplants? They could be a better investment than removing the fatty spots from your jawline from my point of view.
As for your question on what the right procedure for these fatty spots is, I think you should ask Dr. Bart about it. Maybe a liposuction, maybe buccal fat pads removal... I don't know. Aren't you too young for facelifts?