Why am I transgender?Someone asked this recently and it's a great question. It's also a great way of introducing different theories about why trans people exist at all.
Many psychosocial arguments bog down over what's called 'nature versus nurture' because so much of us is the product of those two things. Yet every time I think about nature vs nurture, I can't help recalling the arguments around the fight for gay rights, where the gay movement came within a whisker of defeat by conservatives. Infighting between those who claimed they were born gay and the rest, split the movement and diluted its message.
So it is with the transgender movement. Some of us believe being trans is a genetic or biological trait we were born with, putting them on the 'nature' side of the argument. Others tend to the 'nurture' side of the argument, which is that something, somewhere along the way, made us trans. Most haven't thought about it at all, because we're too busy dealing with the social and psychological fallout of being trans.
So if you've wondered why you're trans, here's a skeleton to help pick through your own, unique case. Good luck with it!
NatureOne way of summing up the nature arguments is that trans people were born in the wrong body. Underlying the nature argument is an assumption that gender and sex are the same and upbringing has nothing to do with our conflict. Instead, we were born with a female brain in a male body, or a male brain in a female one.
The theory of transsexuality was based on this assumption and the idea that if you altered the sex specific characteristics of someone's body to match their gender identity, it would be a fix. Transsexuality was deprecated during the 1990s and replaced by transgender theory because the latter is more inclusive, but transsexuality works well for trans people who are binary.
In recent times, neuroscientists have flirted with the idea of 'female' brains and 'male' brains, which has been popular with binary trans people for obvious reasons, and then there's the elephant in the room, which is sex hormones, aka what I call oestrogen but many readers call estrogen, and testosterone. Surely, if there are only two sex hormones and women produce estrogen and men testosterone, then there are only two genders?
That would be okay if there were only two sex hormones, but E and T aren't the only players, and second, people with testes naturally produce estrogen from fat and last time I checked, one of the byproducts of breaking down female sex hormones is testosterone, which is why women always have measurable levels of it. You can't even use a minimum level of either hormone to establish if someone is male or female because of postmenopausal women, natural variability and last but not least because of a condition called Congenital Androgen Insensitivity, where you can have sky high levels of T but appear female because your body isn't responsive to sex hormones.
Which leads us to the minefield of intersex, about which entire textbooks have been written and which some binary people would prefer to forget. Things are somewhat better than they were, but the pressure to take quick decisions at birth and bring intersex people up in a binary gender based on those decisions has left a trail of devastation because many of those choices have turned out to be wrong.
The message is nature never makes anything binary in the same way five out of six people are right handed, one in six are left handed and a few are ambidextrous. Nature
always has an insurance policy.
NurtureThe nurture view is gender and sex assigned at birth are different (
read the widely adopted WHO definitions here) and aren't necessarily aligned in all people. In even using the word transgender, we are aligning themselves with the concept that we aren't born with a gender identity, but instead that we develop one.
While gender usually aligns with the sex we were assigned at birth, sometimes it either doesn't, or can't.
Childhood developmentTo understand 'nurture' theory, we need to understand a bit about childhood development.
When we're born, many parts of us, both physical and mental, are so underdeveloped we are helpless. We can't crawl, we can't sit up, we can't feed ourselves and our eyesight is so poor we can't even see well enough to learn to smile back when someone smiles at us. Smiling takes at least six weeks.
At birth, we are assigned a sex, but have no concept of being male or female, or any other sex. Very early on we learn from experience who cares for us most and because they're crucial to our survival and usually around, we learn from them before we learn from anyone else.
So far, so good, but at this stage we're a like a computer without an operating system, uncritically absorbing every experience, and intensely narcissistic because our world is tiny and from our point of view, entirely focussed on fulfilling our needs. Our greatest exposure is to our parents, or carers, so if they have traditional gendered roles, our early concept of femininity will be biased towards our mother's traits and our concept of masculinity biased toward our father's.
To use the computer metaphor, the first building blocks of our operating system will be the values and behaviours of our parents, whether we like them or not. They are all we know, so what they do and think is what we learn and their values go in earliest and deepest.
This is why therapists are so obsessed with in our childhoods, even though we rarely remember much detail. What we do remember can be highly significant and sometimes, that's why we remember it, but it may be symbolic, because much childhood thinking is more magical than logical.
If we have wider family, their values and those of neighbours are the next we come across, and as we grow older, so our social circle widens and the influence of our parents, while still important, becomes diluted, although it remains highly influential. The attitudes and behaviours of our playmates and school friends begin to shape us and we learn the importance of conforming (what social scientists call 'normativity') and pack dynamics.
In an earlier post I went through why it doesn't pay to stand out in any way at school, unless you are making a play to be pack leader and even then, popularity usually means being ultra conforming, while being bullied is usually the result of being different.
PlasticistyNo baby arrives with a concept of being feminine in its head, or masculine, instead we learn them by example as we grow up. During our first few years, we learn boys and girls are different, without any concept of sexuality, because that develops in our teens. Through the whole period during which gender and sexuality are programmed into our operating system, our brains are what is called 'plastic', a state which lasts into our early twenties. After that, the brain is less so.
For most, gender identity is baked in before the end of our brain's plastic phase and is consistent with sex assigned as birth, but the 'nurture' theory allows it to be baked in either way, or not at all.
What do I mean by 'baked in either way'? Your brain can exit the plastic phase with the firmware set to match your sex assigned at birth, to match another sex, or with the variables unset.
There's a book which explores some of these concepts very deeply. It's called Gender by Soft Assembly, but it's written by an analyst and tough going even if you've a background in the field. It isn't specifically about being trans, but I can't think of another work which maps out how the maze of all the different social forces acting upon us to program gender.
NormativityUltimately the single most powerful forces acting to program gender are example and normativity. We want to be like people who are like us, so we copy the codes in the operating system they use. Repeated execution of the code makes it feel like nature wrote it, but you can easily make a case that none of the traits and ways of thinking intrinsic to masculinity or femininity need be linked to being assigned male at birth of female at birth. Nature provides numerous examples of species which do the opposite of what we do.
The nurture theory of trans suggests that somewhere in the complex process of programming our gender through example, we begin to follow a different example to the normative one because the alternative aligns more closely with our sense of self.
No smoking gunDespite having had fifty years to read the literature and life stories of trans people and in the process of digging into what makes me and other trans people tick, I've yet to find a common thread which explains what made us as we are. My bioscience background screams at me that there's no smoking gun because our learning of gender is so complex that tiny stimuli at crucial moments may have made all the difference in some of us, while having no impact at all in others.
If that's right there's no common cause and it also explains why most of us haven't the faintest clue why we're trans, just that we are. If there is a clue, in the vast majority of us it will have faded to the point of undetectability and so much of the rest of our character will be predicated on it that even if we could pinpoint it we couldn't change it without the risk of destroying our entire personality. Think of your own battle with dysphoria and you'll get a window into the epic scale of the forces involved. Fancy going in there again? I thought not.
I've found that a powerful tool when I tell people why being trans isn't an optional part of me, or some phase I'm going through. If others get even a glimmer of understanding of how core trans is to our everday experience, it affects them.
Room for everyoneSo, while 'nature' aka transsexualism and a belief we were born in the wrong body is a shorthand that works for some, 'nurture' is equally viable and more inclusive. In my mind there's room for both and who knows, one day we may find the answer spans both theories.
However, even if you are a strong believer in 'nature' being the root of you being trans, be aware when you are accepted into a gender affirming care pathway today, you are entering a world in which sex assigned at birth and gender are regarded as different things by almost all the professionals you meet. In a pathway which as many non-binary people are engaging as people whose gender identity is either male, or female, the binary model underlying transsexualism is no longer appropriate for everyone.
Putting 'trans' before 'gender' leaves you free to anchor your gender where it best fits, or even to abandon the concept as irrelevant to you.